1. Home
  2. Vol 12, No 2 (2023)
  3. Arooj

Epidemiology of Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) Disease in Central Punjab, Pakistan

Saneela Arooj, Salman Ahmad, Muhammad Akhter, Muhammad Atiq, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Ehetisham Ul Haq, Malik A. Rehman, Muhammad Kamran, Anum Intisar, Muhammad Asim

Abstract


Rice blast disease (RBD) is mostly controlled by fungicides by the farmers of central Punjab, Pakistan. However, the use of fungicides by the farmers is excessive and ill-advised, resulting in the emergence of new resistant strains of Pyricularia oryzae. The ill-advised employment of fungicides can be timed exploring the role of environmental factors favourable for this disease. The objective of current study was to determine the most favourable weather conditions for RBD in central Punjab, Pakistan, where this crop is mostly cultivated. Environmental factors including maximum and minimum temperatures (max and min temp), rainfall (Rf), relative humidity (Rh) and wind speed (Ws) conducive for RBD were characterized during this study. For this purpose, eight years (2009-2016) RBD severity data of susceptible to highly susceptible genotypes together with environmental data (max and min temp, Rf, Rh and Ws) was collected from Kala Shah Kako (KSK), Rice Research Institute (RRI), Punjab, Pakistan. The genotypes were being cultivated for eight years in randomized complete block design (RCBD), and data was kept on recording during the months of high disease pressure. Data was collected after ten days interval using disease scoring scale developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) during 1996. Simple linear regression models were used to determine the relationship of environmental factors with RBD severity. The variation in RBD severity due to environmental factors was determined using coefficient of determination (R2). In present study, the relationship of max temp, Rf, Rh and Ws with RBD severity was positive, significant and linear, however, the relationship of min temp with RBD severity was negative. Max temp 40-42°C, min temp 21-23°C, Rf 2-3mm, Rh 50-70% and Ws 9-11 Km/h were found to be most favourable environmental conditions for RBD severity. The current research disclosed the significant role of all five environmental factors in the spread of RBD. Thus, future predictive models could be established using these five environmental factors for more accurate prediction of this disease in rice belt of Punjab, Pakistan, to time the application of fungicides.

Keywords


Rice; Blast severity; Epidemiology; Environment; Regression

References


Agbowuro, G.O., M.S. Afolabi, E.F. Olamiriki and S.O. Awoyemi. 2020. Rice blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae): A menace to rice production and humanity. International Journal of Pathogen Research, 4: 32-39.

Ahmad, S., M. G. Husnain, Z. Iqbal, M.U. Ghazanfar, F. Rehman, I. Ahmad, E. Ashraf, Y. Ali, M. Hasanuzzaman and S. Ahmad. 2022. Nanotechnology for Rice Fungal Diseases. In Modern Techniques of Rice Crop Production; Sarwar, N; ur Rehman, A.; Ahmad, S.; Hasanuzzaman, M., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, pp. 493-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4955-4_25.

Ashizawa, T., K.S. Zenbayashi, S. Koizumi, M. Sasahara, A. Ohba, T. Hori and T. Harasawa. 2005. Evaluation of a leaf blast simulation model (BLASTMUL) for rice multilines in different locations and cultivars, and effective blast control using the model. Rice is Life: Scientific perspectives for the 21st century, 477-479.

Biloni, M., M. Rodolfi and A.M. Picco. 2006. SiRBInt, a new simulation model to forecast rice blast disease. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, 3: 58-62.

Chattefuee, S. and A. S. Hadi. 2006. Regression analysis by example, (Hoboken, New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, pp. 21-71.

Donatelli, M., R.D. Magarey, S. Bregaglio, L. Willocquet, J.P. Whish and S. Savary. 2017. Modelling the impacts of pests and diseases on agricultural systems. Agricultural systems, 155: 213-224.

Feng, C., M. Jiang, Q. Huang, L. Zeng, C. Zhang and Y. Fan. 2022. A Lightweight Real-Time Rice Blast Disease Segmentation Method Based on DFFANet. Agriculture, 12: 1543.

Gop. 2022. Economic survey of Pakistan. Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.

Greer, C. A. and R.K. Webster. 2001. Occurrence, distribution, epidemiology, cultivar reaction, and management of rice blast disease in California. Plant Disease, 85: 1096-1102.

IRRI. 1996. Standard evaluation system for rice. 4th ed. IRRI, Manila, Phillipine.

Jagadeesh, D., D. Rakshith, K.A. Sharvani and N.S. Devaki. 2022. Evaluation of virulence and race identification of rice-blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae isolated from different districts of Karnataka, India. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 55: 1265-1282.

Kankanala, P., K. Czymmek and B. Valent. 2007. Roles for rice membrane dynamics and plasmodesmata during biotrophic invasion by the blast fungus. Plant Cell, 19: 706–724.

Katsantonis. D., K. Kadoglidou, C. Dramalis and P. Puigdollers. 2017. Rice blast forecasting models and their practical value: a review. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 56: 187−216.

Kim, K. H. and I. Jung. 2020. Development of a Daily Epidemiological Model of Rice Blast Tailored for Seasonal Disease Early Warning in South Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal, 36: 406.

Kim, Y., J.H. Roh and H.Y. Kim. 2017. Early forecasting of rice blast disease using long short-term memory recurrent neural networks. Sustainability, 10: 34.

Koizumi, S. and H. Kato. 1991. Dynamic simulation of blast epidemics using a multiple canopy spore dispersal model. In: International Rice Research Conference, Seoul (Korea Republic), 27-31 Aug 1990. IRRI.

Lee, K.T., H.W. Jeon, S.Y. Park, J. Cho and K.H. Kim. 2022. Comparison of projected rice blast epidemics in the Korean Peninsula between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios. Climatic change, 173: 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03410-2.

Liu, L.W., S.H. Hsieh, S.J. Lin, Y.M. Wang, and W.S. Lin. 2021. Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) occurrence prediction and the key factor sensitivity analysis by machine learning. Agronomy, 11: 771.

Liu, Y.F., Z.Y. Chen, M. Hu, L. Lian and Y.Z. Liu. 2004. Distribution of Magnaporthe grisea population and virulence of predominant race in Jiangsu Province, China. Rice Science, 11: 324-330.

Manandhar, H.K., H.J. Jorgensen, S.B. Mathur and V. Smedegaard-Peterson. 1998. Suppression of rice blast by preinoculation with avirulent Pyricularia oryzae and the non-rice pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Phytopathology, 88: 735–739.

Pandit, D., A.K. Singh, S.K. Singh and V.B. Singh. 2023. Effect of weather parameters on the development and progression of rice blast disease in Jammu plains. Indian Phytopathology, 76: 89-94.

Rajput, L.S., T. Sharma, P. Madhusudhan and P. Sinha. 2017. Effect of temperature on growth and sporulation of rice leaf blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6: 394-401.

Raveloson, H., I.R. Ramonta, D. Tharreau and M. Sester. 2018. Long term survival of blast pathogen in infected rice residues as major source of primary inoculum in high altitude upland ecology. Plant Pathology, 67: 610–618.

Refaei, M. I. 1977. Epidemiology of Rice Blast Disease. In: The Tropics With Special Reference To The Leaf Wetness In Relation To Disease Development (Doctoral dissertation, IARI, Division of Plant Pathology; New Delhi).

Saneela, A., S. Ahmad, E. Ashraf, M.E.U. Haq, M.A. Rehman, Y. Ali, M. Atiq, F. Said, I. Haq, and W. Raza. 2022. Field Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance against Pyricularia Oryzae, the Cause of Rice Blast. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology., 26: 690-704.

Sarwar, N., A.S. Atique-ur-Rehman, S. Ahmad and M. Hasanuzzaman 2022. Modern techniques of rice crop production. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited.

Shafaullah, M.A.K., N.A. Khan, Y. Mahmood. 2011. Effect of epidemiological factors on the incidence of paddy blast (Pyricularia oryzae) disease. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology: 23: 108-111.

Shahriar, S.A., A.A. Imtiaz, M.B. Hossain, A. Husna and M.N. Eaty. 2020. Review: Rice blast disease. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 35: 50-64.

Simkhada, K. and R. Thapa. 2022. Rice Blast, A Major Threat to Rice Production and its Various Management Techniques. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10: 147-157.

Steel, R.G.O., J.H. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach. 3rd (ed.), Mc Graw-Hill, New York. U.S.A.

Xiao, N., Y.Y. Wu and A.L. Li. 2020. Strategy for Use of Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Rice Molecular Breeding. Rice Science, 27: 263–277.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.012.02.4392

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2023 Salman AHMAD

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.