Current status, ecology, and epidemiology of cotton pests and pathogens in SAARC nations

Abstract

Cotton is one of the most economically important fiber crops worldwide, underpinning the textile industry and contributing significantly to global trade while linking agricultural production with the garment sector and everyday human needs. It is cultivated in more than 80 countries across diverse agro-climatic regions, primarily in tropical and subtropical zones. In the SAARC region, cotton is a cornerstone of the economy and apparel industry, with major producers such as India and Pakistan supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers and industrial workers. In addition to fiber, cottonseed is an important source of edible oil and livestock feed, further enhancing its economic value. However, cotton production is continually threatened by a wide range of insect pests and pathogens, resulting in substantial losses in yield and fiber quality. Major insect pests include bollworms, whiteflies, jassids, and mealybugs, while key pathogens comprise bacterial blight, grey mildew, Fusarium wilt, and cotton leaf curl virus. These biotic stresses are strongly influenced by climatic factors such as temperature fluctuations, high humidity, and irregular rainfall patterns. Furthermore, heavy reliance on chemical pesticides, water-intensive cultivation practices, and the growing impacts of climate change pose serious challenges to sustainable cotton production. Although agrochemicals remain widely used, concerns over resistance development and environmental risks have intensified the need for alternative approaches. Consequently, there is increasing emphasis on Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM). This review highlights the need for region-specific resistant varieties, improved farmer awareness, and coordinated regional strategies to ensure sustainable cotton production in SAARC countries.