Comparative efficacy of various biopesticides against spotted bollworm (Earias insulana Boisduval) in cotton under field conditions of Sindh, Pakistan
Abstract
The spotted bollworm, Earias insulana, is one of the most destructive insect pests of cotton, causing significant yield losses worldwide. Reliance on synthetic insecticides for its management raises concerns over environmental safety, resistance development, and high input costs. Therefore, eco-friendly bio-pesticides are increasingly being evaluated as sustainable alternatives. This study assessed the efficacy and economic viability of different bio-pesticides against E. insulana under field conditions, compared with the synthetic insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC. Results revealed that neem oil consistently exhibited the highest efficacy among botanicals, with overall larval population reductions of 75.88%, 65.68%, and 68.85% after the first, second, and third sprays, respectively. Tobacco extract ranked second, with reductions of 70.35%, 63.61%, and 65.17%. Other botanicals, including Tooh, Akk, and Datura, showed moderate to low suppression ranging from 50-62%. In contrast, lambda-cyhalothrin recorded the highest control efficiency across all sprays, with reductions of 81.15%, 80.90%, and 78.55%. Control plots, however, showed a steady increase in larval populations, confirming the severity of untreated infestations. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that although lambda-cyhalothrin provided the maximum yield (3961.6 kg/ha), neem oil emerged as the most economically viable option with the highest Incremental Cost-Benefit Ratio (ICBR 1:85.9). Akk and tobacco also demonstrated favorable profitability, whereas Datura was the least effective and least profitable. In conclusion, although synthetic insecticides ensured the greatest pest suppression, neem oil and other botanicals proved to be cost-effective, eco-friendly alternatives, supporting their integration into sustainable pest management strategies for cotton.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.009.03.5699
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