Evaluation of commercial wheat varieties for yield and resistance to leaf rust under varying sowing dates
Abstract
To determine the effects of different planting dates and heat stress on yield and associated traits of 10 wheat varieties from Sindh, as well as their resistance to leaf rust disease, a study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam, Pakistan, during the 2023-24 wheat season. The experiment was carried out under three different planting dates: early (8th November), normal (25th November), and late (10th December). The results indicated that the mean squares for genotypes, sowing dates, and genotype × sowing date interaction were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for various traits. A linear decline in all traits was observed with delayed planting, including days to booting, days to heading, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, and main spike yield. The late-planted trial suffered severe leaf rust infestation. The highest disease severity was recorded in the varieties TD-1, SKD-1, and TJ-83. Early planting led to better performance, with varieties producing the longest spike (14.1 cm), the highest number of spikelets per spike (20.1), the greatest number of grains per spike (60.6), and the maximum main spike yield (2.59 g), compared to normal and late planting. The varieties Sassui and Bakhtawar showed resistance to leaf rust, while most other varieties were moderately susceptible to susceptible. The study concludes that early planting of wheat is recommended to achieve higher grain yield and to escape leaf rust disease.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmad, A., Mukhtar, T., Afzal, A., Gulzar, A., Abbas, G., Batool, A., 2024. Assessment of wheat genotypes for resistance and susceptibility to stripe rust. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 36(02), 479-488.
Ahmad, G., Ishaq, M., Khan, S., Ali, R., Afridi, K., Khalil, I., Shah, I., 2015. Performance of newly developed wheat advanced lines evaluated under different planting dates for important traits. European Academic Research 11, 12598-12614.
Ahmed, N., Chowdhry, M.A., Khaliq, I., Maekawa, M., 2007. The inheritance of yield and yield components of five wheat hybrid populations under drought conditions. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science (2), 53-59.
Alam, M.P., Kumar, S., Ali, N., Manjhi, R.P., Kumari, N., Lakra, R.K., Izhar, T., 2013. Performance of wheat varieties under different sowing dates in Jharkhand. Journal of Cereal Research 5(2), 61-64.
Alexander, L.V., Zhang, X., Peterson, T.C., Caesar, J., Gleason, B., Klein Tank, A.M.G., Haylock, M., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Rahimzadeh, F. and Tagipour, A., 2006. Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111, D05109, doi:10.1029/2005JD006290
Bassu, S., Giunta, F., Motzo, R., 2010. Effects of sowing date and cultivar on spike weight and kernel number in durum wheat. Crop and Pasture Science 61, 287-295.
Chen, C., Payne, W.A., Smiley, R.W., Stoltz, M.A., 2003. Yield and water-use efficiency of eight wheat cultivars planted on seven dates in northeastern Oregon. Agronomy Journal 95, 836-843.
Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11, 1-42.
Ejaz, H., Wajid, A., Shad, A., Jehan, B., Tilah, M., 2003. Effect of different planting dates, seed rate and nitrogen levels on wheat. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2, 467-474.
Eslami, H., Hadi, S., Arabi, M.K., 2014. Effect of planting date on protein content of wheat varieties. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 3, 362-364.
Farooq, M., Basra, S., Rehman, H., Saleem, B., 2008. Seed priming enhances the performance of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by improving chilling tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 194, 55-60.
Guilioni, L., Wéry, J., Lecoeur, J., 2003. High temperature and water deficit may reduce seed number in field pea purely by decreasing plant growth rate. Functional Plant Biology 30, 1151-1164.
Gupta, P., Mir, R., Mohan, A., Kumar, J., 2008. Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008, 896451.
Hakim, M., Hossain, A., Da Silva, J.A.T., Zvolinsky, V., Khan, M., 2012. Protein and starch content of 20 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes exposed to high temperature under late sowing conditions. Journal of Scientific Research 4, 477.
Halford, N.G., 2009. New insights on the effects of heat stress on crops. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 4215-4216.
Hays, D., Mason, E., Do, J.H., Menz, M., Reynolds, M., 2007. Expression quantitative trait loci mapping heat tolerance during reproductive development in wheat (Triticum aestivum). In: Wheat Production in Stressed Environments: Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, 27 November, 2 December 2005, Mar del Plata, Argentina. Springer, pp. 373-382.
Hennessy, K., Fawcett, R., Kirono, D., Mpelasoka, F., Jones, D., Bathols, J., Whetton, P., Stafford Smith, M., Howden, M., Mitchell, C., 2008. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the nature and frequency of exceptional climatic events. Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, Canberra.
Herrera-Foessel, S., Singh, R., Huerta-Espino, J., Crossa, J., Yuen, J., Djurle, A., 2006. Effect of leaf rust on grain yield and yield traits of durum wheats with race-specific and slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust. Plant Disease 90, 1065-1072.
Huerta-Espino, J., Singh, R., German, S., McCallum, B., Park, R., Chen, W.Q., Bhardwaj, S., Goyeau, H., 2011. Global status of wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Euphytica 179, 143-160.
Irfaq, M., Muhammad, T., Amin, M., Jabbar, A., 2005. Performance of yield and other agronomic characters of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under natural heat stress. International Journal of Botany 1, 124-127.
Jin, Y., Singh, R., Ward, R., Wanyera, R., Kinyua, M., Njau, P., Fetch, T., Pretorius, Z., Yahyaoui, A., 2007. Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 91, 1096-1099.
Joshi, A., Rai, B., Sing, M., 1992. Technology for late sowing wheat in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian Farm 42, 15.
Kamboj, E., Singh, B., Dhaka, A.K., Singh, K., Kumar, S., 2022. Growth and yield performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under different sowing times. Environment and Ecology 40 (1), 28-32.
Kasana, B., Singh, A., Tomar, R., Rikhari, Y., 2015. Evaluating the performance of wheat varieties under late sown irrigated condition in Bundelkhand zone. International Journal of Applied and Pure Sciences in Agriculture 1, 118-122.
Kaur, C., 2017. Performance of wheat varieties under late and very late sowing conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(9), pp.3488-3492.
Khan, M.B., Ghurchani, M., Hussain, M., Mahmood, K., 2010. Wheat seed invigoration by pre-sowing chilling treatments. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42, 1561-1566.
Kolmer, J., Long, D., Hughes, M., 2005. Physiologic specialization of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States in 2003. Plant Disease 89, 1201-1206.
Kumar, R., Sharma, S.N., 2003. Effect of levels of nitrogen on wheat as influenced by date of sowing. Annals of Agricultural Research 24(1), 104-110.
McIntosh, R.A., Wellings, C.R., Park, R.F., 1995. Wheat rusts: an atlas of resistance genes. CSIRO Publishing.
Mehboob, N., Asad, M.J., Asgher, M., Gulfraz, M., Mukhtar, T., Mahmood, R.T., 2014. Exploring thermophilic cellulolytic enzyme production potential of Aspergillus fumigatus by the solid-state fermentation of wheat straw. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 172(7), 3646-3655.
Mitra, R., Bhatia, C., 2008. Bioenergetic cost of heat tolerance in wheat crop. Current Science 95, 1049-1053.
Mukhtar, T., Jabbar, A., Raja, M.U., Javed, H., 2018. Re-emergence of wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 50(3), 1195-1198.
Mukhtar, T., Saeed, M., 2024. Wheat seed gall nematode: the global scenario. In: Walia, R.K., Khan, M.R. (Eds.), Nematode Problems in Crops and Their Management in South Asia. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, pp. 182-197.
Mumtaz, M.Z., Aslam, M., Nasrullah, H.M., Akhtar, M., Ali, B., 2015. Effect of various sowing dates on growth, yield and yield components of different wheat genotypes. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 15, 2230-2234.
Munsif, F., Arif, M., Jan, M., Ali, K., Khan, M., 2015. Influence of sowing dates on phenological development and yield of dual purpose wheat cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47, 83-88.
Nahar, K., Ahamed, K.U., Fujita, M., 2010. Phenological variation and its relation with yield in several wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under normal and late sowing mediated heat stress condition. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, 51-56.
Nouri, H., Ahmadi, A., Postini, K., 2013. Effect of source restriction on the grain yield and yield components in Iranian wheat cultivars. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(13), 1223-1228.
Peterson, R.F., Campbell, A., Hannah, A., 1948. A diagrammatic scale for estimating rust intensity on leaves and stems of cereals. Canadian Journal of Research 26, 496-500.
Pittock, B., Arthington, A., Booth, T., Cowell, P., Hennessy, K., Howden, M., Hughes, L., Jones, R., Lake, S., Lyne, V., 2003. Climate change: an Australian guide to the science and potential impacts. Australian Greenhouse Office.
Qamar, M., 2004. Genetic variability among wheat cultivars and effect of planting date on grain and straw yield under double cropping zone of northern areas of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 20(1), 99-102.
Qasim, M., Qamer, M., Alam, M., 2008. Sowing dates effect on yield and yield components of different wheat varieties. Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 135-140.
Riaz-ud-Din, M., Ahmad, N., Hussain, M., Rehman, A.U., 2010. Effect of temperature on development and grain formation in spring wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42, 899-06.
Roelfs, A.P., 1992. Rust diseases of wheat: concepts and methods of disease management. CIMMYT.
Ruelland, E., Zachowski, A., 2010. How plants sense temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany 69, 225-232.
Satorre, E.H., Slafer, G.A., 2024. Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. CRC Press.
Sattar, A., Cheema, M.A., Farooq, M., Wahid, M.A., Wahid, A., Babar, B.H., 2010. Evaluating the performance of wheat cultivars under late sown conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12, 561-565.
Semenov, M.A., 2009. Impacts of climate change on wheat in England and Wales. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6, 343-350.
Shahzad, K., Bakht, J., Shah, W.A., Shafi, M., Jabeen, N., 2002. Yield and yield components of various wheat cultivars as affected by different sowing dates. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1, 522-525.
Shahzad, M.A., Wasi-ud-Din, Sahi, S., Khan, M., Ehsanullah, Maqsood Ahmad, M.A., 2007. Effect of sowing dates and seed treatment on grain yield and quality of wheat. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 44(4), 581-583.
Sial, M., Arain, M.A., Khanzada, S., Naqvi, M.H., Dahot, M.U., Nizamani, N.A., 2005. Yield and quality parameters of wheat genotypes as affected by sowing dates and high temperature stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany 37, 575-580.
Sial, M., Dahot, M., Arain, M., Laghari, K.A., Mangrio, S., Mangan, B.N., 2008. Evaluation of wheat mutant lines for yield and yield components under different sowing dates. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology 5, 27-38.
Singh, S., Pal, M., 2003. Growth, yield and phenological response of wheat cultivars to delayed sowing. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 8(3), 277-286.
Slafer, G.A., Rawson, H., 1995. Photoperiod × temperature interactions in contrasting wheat genotypes: time to heading and final leaf number. Field Crops Research 44, 73-83.
Sohail, M., Hussain, I., Sikandar, R., Khan, T., Qamar, M., Abbas, S.H., 2014. Evaluation of advance wheat lines for agronomic traits in rainfed environment. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 27(2), 79-88.
Subedi, K., Ma, B., Xue, A., 2007. Planting date and nitrogen effects on grain yield and protein content of spring wheat. Crop Science 47, 36-44.
Subhan, F., 2003. Weed management through planting date, seeding rate and weed control method in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 9(1-2), 49-57.
Sukhera, M.N., Waris, M., Yaseen, G., Sadiq, S.A., Yakoob, M., Jamali, M.A., 2024. Identification and screening of leaf rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars through microsatellites. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences 5, 339-348.
Sun, H., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Pei, D., Liu, C., 2007. Effects of harvest and sowing time on the performance of the rotation of winter wheat-summer maize in the North China Plain. Industrial Crops and Products 25, 239-247.
Talpur, M.Y.M.K., Baloch, A.W., Baloch, M.J., Asad, M.A., 2024. Combining ability analysis and genetic studies of stripe rust resistance in bread wheat genotypes. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences 5, 135-148.
Tanveer, S.K., Hussain, I., Asif, M., Mujahid, M., Muhammad, S., Qamar, M., Asim, M., 2009. Performance of different wheat varieties/lines as affected by different planting dates and seeding rates under high rainfall area of Potohar. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 46, 102-106.
Thiry, D., Sears, R.G., Shroyer, J.P., Paulsen, G.M., 2002. Planting date effects on tiller development and productivity of wheat. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports 12, p. 96.
Tomar, S., Tomar, S.S., Srivastava, S., 2014. Yield and yield component response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to different sowing dates in Gird region of Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Farm Sciences 4, 1-6.
Valizadeh, J., Ziaei, S., Mazloumzadeh, S., 2014. Assessing climate change impacts on wheat production (a case study). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 13, 107-115.
Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R., 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61, 199-223.
Wajid, A., Hussain, A., Maqsood, M., Ahmad, A., Awais, M., 2002. Influence of sowing date and irrigation levels on growth and grain yield of wheat. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 39, 22-24.
Wheeler, T., Hong, T., Ellis, R., Batts, G., Morison, J., Hadley, P., 1996. The duration and rate of grain growth, and harvest index, of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to temperature and CO2. Journal of Experimental Botany 47, 623-630.
Yadav, M., Devkota, M.W., Sah, S., Bhatt, R., 2018. Effect of sowing dates on yield and yield components of different wheat varieties. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16, 96-102.
Yamin, S.Y., Tariq, J.A., Raza, M.M., Bhutto, S.H., Asif, M.U., 2021. Screening of wheat genotypes against leaf rust under artificial and natural environmental condition. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences 2, 117-122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/10.33804