Email this article 
Ultrastructural and Molecular Variants of Pseudococcus Elisae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Neotropical Region
Abstract
To the appropriated taxonomic relationships in mealybugs, and their phylogenetic classification is necessarycombined morphological and molecular techniques. The aim of the present investigation was to study the Pseudococcus elisae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)of banana crop (Musa sp.) from Neotropical region by morphological and molecular techniques, as well as the phylogenetic relationships. Morphological techniques such as Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used, supported by molecular analysis of three genes: 18S, E.F-1α and COXI. The microscopy analysis was performed at the Center for Research on Microscopic Structures in 2012, and the molecular analysis was carried out at the Molecular Phytopathology Laboratory,ending in 2014, both at the University of Costa Rica. By SEM, ultrastructural variations in the studied mealybugs were observed to the body of the insect, morphology of dorsal margen cerarii and anal lobe cerarii, trilocular pores and morphology of oral rim tubular ducts. The present investigation allowed recognizing ultrastructures of the mealybugs by influence of environmental conditions from Neotropical countries.
Keywords
References
Abbas, G., M.J. Arif, S. Saeed and H. Karar. 2009. A New Invasive species of genus Phanacoccus cockerell attacking cotton in Pakistan. Int J Agric Biol. 11:54–58.
Abd-Rabou, S., H. Shalaby, J-F. Germain, N. Ris, P. Kreiter and T. Malausa. 2012. Identification of mealybug pest species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt and France, using a DNA barcoding approach. Bull Entomol Res.102:515–523.
Ashfaq, M., J. Ara, A.R. Noor, P.D.N. Hebert and S. Mansoor. 2011. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a scale insect (Drosicha mangiferae; Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) infesting mango orchards in Pakistan. Eur J Entomol. 108:553–559.
Ballard, J.W.O. and D.M. Rand. 2005. The population biology of mitochondrial DNA and its phylogenetic implications. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 36:621-42.
Black, W.C., Ch.F. Baer, M.F. Antolin and N.M. DuTeau. 2001. Population genomics: genome-wide sampling of insect populations. Annu Rev Entomol. 46:441–69.
Blanco, R.E., V.I. Pérez and C.A.M. Rodríguez. 2003. Encuesta de los pseudocóccidos de Cuba. Resultados del período 2001-2002. Fitosanidad 7:31-36.
Chandler, L.R. and G.W. Watson. 1990. Identificación de cochinillas o piojos harinosos de importancia en la región del Caribe. 1 ed. Commonwealth Science Council y CAB International, Colombia.
Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera): fauna of New Zealand. 1 ed. Manaaki, Whenua Press, New Zealand.
Downie, D.A. and P.J. Gullan. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Cocoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Syst Entomol . 29:238–259.
FAO. 2013. El sector bananero de Costa Rica pide al Congreso ratificar el acuerdo con la UE. United State, United Nations. Available from http://www.fao.org [accessed 01 May. 2013].
Ferris, G.F. 1978. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. Volume V. Stanford University Press, California, USA.
Gavrilov-Zimin, I.A. 2015. System of generic groups in mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Zoosystematica Rossica. 24(2): 236-259.
Gimpel, W.F. and D.R. Miller. 1996. Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contrib Entomol Inter. 2:1-163.
González, A.G., C. Font and E. Miranda. 2002. Planococcus minor (Maskell), vector del virus estriado del plátano (BSV). Fitosanidad 6:47-48.
Gullan, P.J. 2000. Identification of the immature instars of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) found on citrus in Australia. Aust. J. Entomol. 39:160-166.
Gullan, P.J. and L.G. Cook. 2007. Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects. (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa. 1668:413-425.
Granara de Willink, M.C. 2009. Dysmicoccus from the Neotropical Region (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 68:11-95.
Hall, T.A. 1999. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95–98.
Hardy, N.B. 2013. The status and future of scale insect (Coccoidea) systematics. Syst Entomol. 38:453–458.
Hardy, N.B., P.J. Gullan and C.J. Hodgson. 2008. A subfamily-level classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on integrated molecular and morphological data. Syst Entomol. 33:51–71.
Hoffmann, A.A., J. Shirriffs and M. Scott. 2005. Relative importance of plastic vs genetic factors in adaptive differentiation: geographical variation for stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. Functi Ecol. 19:222–227.
Kondo, T., P.J. Gullan and D.J. Williams. 2008. Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Corpoica Cienc Tecnol Agropecu. 9:55-61.
Koteja, J. and D. Azar. 2008. Scale insects from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccinea). Alavesia. 2:133-167.
Kumar, V., S.K. Tewari and R.K. Datta. 1997. Dermal pores and wax secretion in mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) a pest of mulberry. Ital J Zool. 64:307-311.
Lin, Y.P., T. Kondo, P. Gullan and L.G. Cook. 2013. Delimiting genera of scale insects: molecular and morphological evidence for synonymising Taiwansaissetia Tao, Wong and Chang with Coccus Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Syst Entomol. 38:249–264.
Malausa, T., A. Fenis, S. Warot, J.F. Germain, N. Ris, E. Prado, M. Botton, F. Vanlerberghe-Masutti, R. Sforza, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux and P. Kreiter. 2011. DNA markers to disentangle complexes of cryptic taxa in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Appl Entomol. 135:142-155.
Mani, M. and C. Shivaraju. 2016. Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops. Mealybugs as Vectors. 1 ed. Springer India.
Miller, R.D., L.G. Miller and W.W. Gillian. 2002. Invasive Species of Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and their threat to U.S. Agriculture). Proc Entomol Soc. 104(4):825-836.
Miller, D.R., A. Rung and G. Parikh. 2014. Scale Insects, edition 2, a tool for the identification of potential pest scales at U.S.A. ports-of-entry (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea). ZooKeys. 431:61–78.
Miller, D.R., A. Rung, G.L. Venable and R.J. Gill. 2007. Scale Insects: Identification tools, images, and diagnostic information for species of quarantine significance. Available from http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalekeys/ScaleInsectsHome/ScaleInsectsHome.html [accessed 11 Nov. 2011].
Mohammad, Z.K and F.A. Moharum. 2012. Key to the genus of Family Pseudococcidae in Egypt (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Egypt Acad J Biolog Sci. 5:1-5.
Murray, M.G. and W.F. Thompson. 1985. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleid Acid Res. 8:4321-4325.
Muturi, S.M., F.N. Wachira, L.S. Karanja, M.C. Wambulwa and E. Macharia. 2013. Paracoccus burnerae (Homoptera; Planococcidae) as a vector of banana streak virus. JEBAS ISSN No. 2320–8694.
Nanda, P.K. and S.K. Ghose. 1989. Descriptions of all instars of the mealybug Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Envir Ecol 7: 329-336.
NCBI. 2017. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Rockville Pike, Bethesda, USA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Accessed:01 Jun 2013.
Pacheco da Silva, V.C., A. Bertin, A. Blin, J-F. Germain, D. Bernardi, G. Rignol, M. Botton and T. Malausa. 2014. Molecular and Morphological Identification of Mealybug Species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Brazilian Vineyards. PLoS ONE 9(7): e103267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103267.
Palma-Jiménez, M. and M. Blanco-Meneses. 2015. Acondicionamiento de la cochinilla harinosa (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) por Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido. Agron Mesoam. 26:355-364.
Palma-Jiménez, M. and M. Blanco-Meneses. 2016. First study about morphological and molecular identification of Pseudococcus elisae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Costa Rica. IJCR. 8:31791-31800.
Palma-Jiménez, M. and M. Blanco-Meneses. 2017. Variantes morfológicas de la cochinilla harinosa Pseudococcus elisae (Hemipera: Pseudococcidae) en Costa Rica. Entomotrópica. In press.
Quin, T.K. 1988. A new species of mealybug (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus 14:1-6.
Ramos, A. 2004. Descripción de los caracteres morfológicos externos del adulto hembra de Pseudoccocus calceolariae Maskell (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Tesis. Mag. Sc. Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia.
Rattanawannee, A. and W. Chongrattanameteekul. 2015. Genetic Variation of Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Based on DNA Sequences from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. ARPN 13:123-132
Rodríguez, V.A. 2013. Costa Rica declara emergencia fitosanitaria por plagas que afectan al banano. El financiero. http://www.elfinancierocr.com/economia-y-politica/Costa-Rica-emergencia-fitosanitaria-afectan_0_425357478.html Accessed: 10 Dic. 2013.
Rung, A., S.J. Scheffer, G. Evans, D. Miller. 2008. Molecular Identification of Two Closely Related Species of Mealybugs of the Genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 101:525-532.
Rosas-García, N.M., S.L. Sarmiento-Benavides, J.M. Villegas-Mendoza, S. Hernández-Delgado and N. Mayek-Pérez. 2010. Genetic differentiation among Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) populations living on different host plants. Environ Entomol 39:1043-50.
Scalenet. 2017. Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius 1947. 3/5/17. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pseudococcus%20elisae/
Sanger, F., S. Nicklen and A.R. Coulson. 1997. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5463-5467.
Sirisena, U.G.A.I., G.W. Watson, K.S. Hemachandra, O. Sage and H.N.P. Wijayagunasekara. 2015. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Six Selected Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species of Sri Lanka. Trop Agric Res 26:237-247.
Tamura, K., J. Dudley, M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.
Tan, D.S.H., Y. Ang, G.S. Lim, M.R.B. Ismail and R. Meier. 2009. From ‘cryptic species’ to integrative taxonomy: an iterative process involving DNA sequences, morphology, and behaviour leads to the resurrection of Sepsis pyrrhosoma (Sepsidae: Diptera). Zool Scr 39: 51–61.
Thompson, J.D., D.G. Higgins and T.J Gibson. 1994. Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673-4680
Williams, D.J. and M. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. 1 ed. CAB International Press, Wallingford.
Williams, D.J. and D. Matile-Ferrero. 1999. A new species of the mealybug genus Cataenococcus Ferris from Ethiopia on Ensete Ventricosum, a plant infected by a virus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae; Musaceae). Revzie fiunfaise d'Entondogie 21:145-149.
Wu, S.A., N. Nan, P. Gullan and J. Deng. 2013. The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California. Zootaxa 3630: 291–307.
Wu, F.Z., J. Ma, X.N. Hu and L. Zeng. 2015. Homology difference analysis of invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in Southern China with COI gene sequence variability. Bull Entomol Res 105:32–39.
Xu-Bo, W., Z. Jiang-Tao, D. Jun, Z. Qing-Song, Z. Yan-Zhou and W. San-An. 2016. DNA Barcoding of Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) From Mainland China. Ann Entomol Soc Am 0:1–9.
Zhang, Y., Y. Xie, J. Xue, X. Fu and W. Liu. 2012. The structure of integument and wax glands of Phenacoccus fraxinus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Zool Res 33:13−17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33687/entomol.006.01.2242
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Entomological Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Entomological Research
ISSN: 2310-3906 (Online), 2310-5119 (Print).
© EScience Press. All Rights Reserved.