Integrated management of wet bubble disease caused by Hypomyces perniciosus in Agaricus bisporus through essential oils and virulence-factor inhibitors

Aya Mohammed Mohsen Al-Jubouri, Abdullah Abdul Kareem Hassan

Abstract


This study was conducted at the Mushroom Production Farm, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, from November 15, 2023, to April 4, 2024, to identify the causal agent of wet bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus and to assess the effectiveness of selected chemical compounds and essential oils on disease control, yield, and mushroom quality. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed Hypomyces perniciosus as the causal agent, verified by sequencing the ITS region of the 5.8S rRNA gene. The most virulent isolate was deposited in the NCBI database under accession number PP320509.1. Essential oils of thyme, eucalyptus, lemon, coconut, and black seed were evaluated against H. perniciosus and A. bisporus. Thyme, eucalyptus, and lemon oils exhibited the highest inhibition of pathogen growth (72.94%, 68.23%, and 74.12%, respectively) while causing minimal inhibition of A. bisporus (15.79-19.74%). Mineral salts (EDTA, MgSO₄, FeSO₄, MnSO₄, CuSO₄, and SDS) were assessed for their effects on chitinase and glucanase activities of H. perniciosus. EDTA, MgSO₄, and FeSO₄ at 0.5 M significantly reduced chitinase activity (0.68-0.89 U/ml) compared with the control (2.63 U/ml), while EDTA at 0.25-0.5 M showed the greatest suppression of glucanase activity (0.36-0.39 U/ml). In cultivation trials, thyme oil resulted in the lowest disease severity (1.62% and 2.83%) in white and brown strains, respectively. EDTA and FeSO₄ also markedly reduced disease severity relative to the control. The highest biocontrol efficiency and protein content in fruiting bodies were recorded with thyme oil and selected mineral salts, particularly FeSO₄ and MgSO₄.

Keywords


Agaricus bisporus, Wet Bubble Disease, Hypomyces perniciosus, Essential Oils, Virulence-Factor Inhibitors

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.009.04.5928

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