Enhancing cabbage resistance to bacterial leaf spot through plant defense activators and epidemiological analysis

Muhammad Idrees, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Muhammad Atiq, Jamil Shafi, Sanawar Sattar, Muhammad Jahanzaib Matloob, Asia Kainat, Muzammil Usman, Abdul Hameed Khan, Meesam Raza

Abstract


Bacterial leaf spot of cabbage, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, is a destructive disease that significantly reduces yield and market quality. Environmentally safe management strategies and reliable disease forecasting tools are needed to minimize reliance on synthetic bactericides. Therefore, the present study evaluated selected plant defense activators under greenhouse and in vivo conditions and developed a predictive model based on epidemiological variables. Under greenhouse conditions, salicylic acid exhibited the lowest mean disease incidence (24.76%), followed by citric acid (27.43%), benzoic acid (29.58%), and K₂HPO₄ (33.32%), compared with the untreated control. Disease suppression was more pronounced at lower concentrations, with salicylic acid at 0.25% recording the minimum incidence (21.35%). Temporal analysis further confirmed that salicylic acid consistently reduced disease progression across observation intervals. Similar trends were observed under in vivo conditions, where salicylic acid resulted in the lowest disease incidence (27.73%) and maintained superior suppression over time. Environmental analysis revealed that peak disease incidence occurred at 26-30°C maximum temperature, 10-15°C minimum temperature, 69-73% relative humidity, 0.5-1.0 mm rainfall, and 1.5-2.0 km h⁻¹ wind speed. A multiple linear regression model developed using two-year data (R² = 0.804) explained 80.4% of the variability in disease incidence. Diagnostic and validation analyses demonstrated strong agreement between predicted and observed values, confirming model reliability. In conclusion, salicylic acid proved to be the most effective defense activator, and the developed predictive model offers a robust decision-support tool for sustainable management of bacterial leaf spot in cabbage.


Keywords


Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, Induced systemic resistance (ISR), Salicylic acid elicitation, Disease forecasting model, Environmental epidemiology

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.010.01.5745

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